X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging
Spatially resolved images of chemical species within a sample
X-ray fluorescence imaging (XRF), or X-ray spectromicroscopy, maps the distributions of elements and chemical species of interest within biological samples. Synchrotron XRF (SXRF) can provide detailed images of element speciation to a resolution of 0.5 µm per pixel, a sensitivity beyond desktop XRF, electron microprobe, or other elemental imaging techniques. SXRF resources supported by the DOE Biological and Environmental Research (BER) Program can image phosphorus through most elements in the periodic table. Sample requirements and preparation are minimal, allowing the flexibility to explore diverse scientific questions and to design unique user experiments. SXRF beamlines use a combination of methods, ranging from mapping an area at a particular X-ray energy (that corresponds to the excitation of an element) to identifying the oxidation state and chemistry of a particular element using a technique called X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy.

Two-dimensional X-ray fluorescence image of total Fe (a) and As (b) in a whole mount of a Fe plaque-free rice root grown in well-weathered soil. Panels (c–h) are higher resolution images of the yellow box in panel (a) that show the Fe (c), arsenite (As(III)) (d), and arsenate (As(V)i) (e) distribution where a lateral root has formed from the main root, and panels (f–h) are tricolor plots that show the localization of As(III) in relation to As(V)i and Fe (f), K (g), and S (h). All colormap units are in pg cm−2, with a maximum of 200 for Fe and 0.75 for As, and show that lateral root junctions are hotspots of As(III)i entering the vascular tissue. [Seyfferth, A. L., et al. 2017.]
Key Features of XRF Imaging
- Imaging resolution tailored to sample size and scientific question
- Simultaneous collection of multiple-element data
- Micron-scale measurements of chemical speciation to identify valence state, bond lengths, and neighboring atoms
- Chemical speciation mapping (beyond total elemental composition)
- Micron-scale diffraction measurements for samples with crystalline phases
- Typical energy range of 2 to 30 keV for measuring phosphorus through cadmium K-edge, and the possibility for measuring higher-atomic-number elements (e.g. actinides) using L- or M-edges
- Accommodation of diverse sample types, including cells, organisms, soil, and rock
- Diverse sample mounting forms
BER Researchers Use XRF to Study:
- Plant leaves, stems, roots, and seedlings (e.g., photoprotection during iron deficiency mediated by bHLH transcription factors PYE and ILR3)
- Natural soil systems (e.g., rhizoboxes, soil cores, epoxy sections)
- Microbe-fungi interactions in model soil systems (e.g., role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in plant nutrient acquisition along a Zn gradient using X-ray imaging)
- Evolution of microbial communities (e.g., biogenic sulfur produced by Chlorobaculum tepidum)
- Marine invertebrate shells and tissue (e.g., scleractinian corals)
- Rocks (e.g., sulfur speciation in ancient carbonate rocks)
- Complex sediment systems
- Metal distribution in plant and animal cells. ( e.g., copper accumulation and the effect of chelation treatment on cerebral amyloid angiopathy)
See more examples in Science Highlights
Sample Considerations
- Sample imaging environments are either a helium-purged atmosphere (for elements from phosphorous to scandium) or ambient air.
- Sample topography should be no greater than the width of the desired spot size (beam diameter), especially when investigating low-Z (low atomic number) elements.
- Samples may be any thickness, but X-ray penetration of the sample depends on the X-ray energy and sample density.
- Samples must stay upright when mounted in the beam. During analysis, the sample will move, not the beam.
- Samples that can be mounted on a standard microscope slide are generally applicable to most beamlines. Users should discuss unique sample dimensions with the beamline experts.
SXRF Beamlines at DOE User Facilities
Each beamline has unique characteristics. To determine the user facility and beamline best suited to your science questions, see additional information and beamline contacts at the links below.
- Beamline 10.3.2 — Advanced Light Source
- Beamline 13-IDE — Advanced Photon Source
- Beamline 4-BM — National Synchrotron Light Source II
- Beamlines 2-3, 10-2, and 14-3 — Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource
Citations
Seyfferth, A. L., et al. 2017. “Evidence for the Root-Uptake of Arsenite at Lateral Root Junctions and Root Apices in Rice (Oryza sativa L.),” Soils 1(1), 3. DOI: 10.3390/soils1010003.
Research Highlights
Date | Title | Resource | Technique | Facility | Research Theme |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
11/02/2022 | The Copper Key to More Efficient Biomass Breakdown | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography | Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
05/04/2023 | Img check | Molecular Structure | |||
03/28/2023 | Autonomous Hyperspectral Spatiochemical Imaging Delivers Faster Results and Improves Beamline Efficiency | Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Imaging Program | Solution X-ray Scattering, Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging, X-ray Fluorescence Imaging | Advanced Light Source | Molecular Structure, Chemical and Elemental Information |
01/18/2023 | Unelectrified Aerosol-Producing Device for Biological Studies | Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Imaging Program | Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography, Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging, X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence Imaging | Advanced Light Source | Molecular Structure, Cell and Tissue Structure, Chemical and Elemental Information |
02/01/2023 | Bacterial Mercury Methylation Enhanced by Mixed Thiols | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Chemical and Elemental Information |
09/19/2022 | Viral Gene Products May Contribute to Soil Carbon Cycling | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
11/17/2022 | Direct Visualization of Fungal Mineral Transport | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Fluorescence Imaging | Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Chemical and Elemental Information |
04/01/2022 | Mechanisms of Bacterial Iron Metabolism | Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences | Solution X-ray Scattering | Advanced Light Source, Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
04/21/2022 | Protein Design for Genetically Encodable Nanomachines | Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences | Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Solution X-ray Scattering | Advanced Light Source | Molecular Structure |
10/14/2022 | Modeling the Partitioning of Amphiphilic Molecules and Cosolvents in Biomembranes | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Small-Angle Neutron Scattering | Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
10/01/2022 | Detergent-Free Method for Photosystem I Stabilization in Structural Studies | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, Solution X-ray Scattering | Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
07/05/2022 | Characteristics of Switchgrass Lignin Extracted by Different Solvent Pretreatments | Center for BioMolecular Structure | Solution X-ray Scattering | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Molecular Structure |
06/11/2021 | Evolving a Virus-Like Capsid from a Bacterial Protein | Center for BioMolecular Structure | X-ray Footprinting | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Molecular Structure |
10/08/2022 | XMIDAS Software Enables Chemical Analysis from Nanoscale Spectroscopy Data | Center for BioMolecular Structure | X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence Imaging | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Chemical and Elemental Information |
08/26/2022 | RuBisCO Evolution Enabled by Structural Plasticity | Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences | Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Light Source | Molecular Structure |
04/07/2022 | Soft X-ray Tomography Captures Mesoscale Organelle Interactions | National Center for X-Ray Tomography | Soft X-ray Tomography | Advanced Light Source | Cell and Tissue Structure |
01/11/2022 | Biocatalyst Inspiration: Specificity and Selectivity of Rieske Oxygenases | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
03/25/2021 | Understanding How Bacteria Degrade N-Glycan | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
11/04/2021 | Potentially Customizable Molecular Assembly Line | Stanford-SLAC Cryo-EM Center, Structural Molecular Biology Resource | Cryo-Electron Microscopy, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Light Source, Advanced Photon Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
04/05/2022 | How a Soil Microbe Could Rev Up Artificial Photosynthesis | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
12/16/2021 | Aggregates Formed During Biomass Pretreatment Stem from Both Hemicellulose and Lignin | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Small-Angle Neutron Scattering | Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
09/14/2021 | A Tunable Plant Pseudoenzyme-Enzyme Complex Regulates B6 Production | Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy at EMSL | Cryo-Electron Microscopy | Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory | Molecular Structure |
02/22/2021 | Repurposing Cancer and Seizure Medications to Aid Fight Against COVID-19 | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
06/11/2020 | Structural Basis for Neutralization of Betacoronaviruses by Llama Antibodies | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
08/19/2021 | Existing Drug Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
08/03/2021 | Deconstructing the Infection Machinery of SARS-CoV-2 | Center for Structural Molecular Biology, Structural Biology Center, Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences | Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Light Source, Advanced Photon Source, Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
05/12/2021 | Crystallography Confirms Drug-Protein Interaction that May Prevent Certain Breast Cancers | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
04/17/2020 | Crystal Structures of SARS-CoV-2 Yield Understanding of Viral Replication Engine | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
05/01/2021 | Structural Plasticity of the Selectivity Filter in a Nonselective Ion Channel | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
10/05/2021 | Study Sheds Light on Photosynthesis in Iron-Low Leaves | Center for BioMolecular Structure | X-ray Fluorescence Imaging | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Chemical and Elemental Information |
02/11/2021 | A Modular Approach to Designing Protein Assemblies | Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences | Solution X-ray Scattering | Advanced Light Source | Molecular Structure |
01/19/2021 | Fusion Enzymes Improve Yield of Functionalized Terpenes | Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences | Solution X-ray Scattering | Advanced Light Source | Molecular Structure |
01/06/2021 | Designing a Controllable Self-Assembling Biomaterial | Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences | Solution X-ray Scattering | Advanced Light Source | Molecular Structure |
02/03/2020 | Antibodies Elicited by Zika Vaccine Characterized | Center for BioMolecular Structure, Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source, National Synchrotron Light Source II | Molecular Structure |
09/24/2019 | Revealing a MERS-CoV Vulnerability | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
10/27/2020 | Potent Antibody Against SARS-CoV-2 | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
02/02/2021 | SARS-CoV-2 Enzyme Structure Reveals Potential Inhibitors | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
05/21/2021 | Essential Enzyme in Bacterial Protein Synthesis | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
06/02/2021 | Complexation of Metals with Bacterial Methanobactins | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Chemical and Elemental Information |
03/24/2021 | Deciphering the Mechanism of Enzymatic Methane Synthesis | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence Imaging | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Chemical and Elemental Information |
10/30/2020 | Molecular Crystals Hybridized with Hydrogel Polymers Achieve Unprecedented Material Attributes | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
01/07/2020 | Multistep Crystallization of Microbial S-Layers | Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences, Structural Molecular Biology Resource | Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
03/23/2020 | Antibiotics with a Built-in OFF Switch | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | Solution X-ray Scattering, Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure, Chemical and Elemental Information |
11/02/2020 | Mechanistic Insights into Cu(I) Biogenesis of Galactose Oxidase | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Chemical and Elemental Information |
09/01/2020 | Tracking Foliar Zinc Absorption in Apple Trees | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Fluorescence Imaging | Advanced Photon Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Chemical and Elemental Information |
01/01/2021 | Soil Amendments and Flooding Cycle Impact Cadmium Bioavailability in Paddy Soil | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Chemical and Elemental Information |
08/18/2020 | Visualizing Enzymes in Action | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
01/22/2020 | Efficient and Economical Strategy for Functional Metalloprotein Design | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | Cryo-Electron Microscopy, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
03/10/2020 | Introducing Positive Charges in an Artificial Enzyme Increases CO2 Hydrogenation | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
12/09/2019 | Tuning the Catalytic Bias of Hydrogenase Enzymes | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography, Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging | Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure, Chemical and Elemental Information |
03/08/2018 | Safety Concerns Over Tungsten Accumulation in Bone | Center for BioMolecular Structure | X-ray Fluorescence Imaging | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Chemical and Elemental Information |
07/08/2019 | Nanoparticle Properties Influence Nutrient Transport in Plants | Center for BioMolecular Structure, Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence Imaging | National Synchrotron Light Source II, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Chemical and Elemental Information |
10/17/2018 | 3.7-Billion-Year-Old Rock Structures Formed by Tectonics, Not Life | Center for BioMolecular Structure | X-ray Fluorescence Imaging | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Chemical and Elemental Information |
09/07/2018 | X-ray Nanofluorescence Tomography of Single Bacterial Cells | Center for BioMolecular Structure | X-ray Fluorescence Imaging | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Chemical and Elemental Information |
12/10/2018 | Nanoparticle Surface Chemistry Influences Journey Through Tomato Plant | Center for BioMolecular Structure | X-ray Fluorescence Imaging | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Chemical and Elemental Information |
11/07/2017 | Characterization of Elusive Yeast Protein Complex Involved in Autophagy | Center for BioMolecular Structure | Solution X-ray Scattering | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Molecular Structure |
03/24/2020 | Critical Structural Differences Between Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza | Center for BioMolecular Structure | Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Molecular Structure |
03/24/2020 | Tunable Molecular Coating Stabilizes "DNA Origami" Structures | Center for BioMolecular Structure | Solution X-ray Scattering | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Molecular Structure |
01/10/2018 | Novel Architecture of a Bacterial Plasma Membrane Transporter | Center for BioMolecular Structure | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Molecular Structure |
11/16/2017 | 3D Protein Structure Aids Search for Vaccine | Center for BioMolecular Structure | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Molecular Structure |
08/09/2018 | Activation Mechanism of a Protein Kinase Reveals Role in Cancer Proliferation | Center for BioMolecular Structure | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Molecular Structure |
10/08/2018 | Searching for New Ways to Fight Bacterial Resistance | Center for BioMolecular Structure | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Molecular Structure |
06/21/2019 | Light Teaches Coenzymes New Tricks | Center for BioMolecular Structure | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Molecular Structure |
05/21/2019 | Structural Basis of Bacterial Spore Germination | Center for BioMolecular Structure | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Molecular Structure |
05/07/2020 | Mechanism of Activation of a Plant Metacaspase | Center for BioMolecular Structure | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Molecular Structure |
04/14/2021 | Molecular Fragment Screening Identifies Potential SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitors | Center for BioMolecular Structure, Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences, Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Light Source, National Synchrotron Light Source II, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
06/13/2018 | Structure of a Nuclear Membrane Gatekeeper | Center for BioMolecular Structure | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Molecular Structure |
09/23/2019 | Mechanism of Regulatory Protein's Dual Role as Inhibitor and Activator | Center for BioMolecular Structure | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | National Synchrotron Light Source II, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
04/02/2013 | Major Scaffold Component in Nuclear Pore Complex | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | Solution X-ray Scattering | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
05/24/2012 | Modulation of Plant Hormones by GH3 Proteins | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
10/29/2013 | Common Physical Processes in Different Biomass Pretreatments | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
07/17/2013 | Lessening X-ray Damage Speeds Protein Discovery | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
02/07/2013 | Lipid Bilayer Composition Regulates Function of Lipid Rafts in Model Cell Membranes | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Small-Angle Neutron Scattering | Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
12/09/2012 | Watching the Evolution of a Protein’s Function | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Chemical and Elemental Information |
08/15/2013 | Multifunctionality of an Ebola Virus Protein | Structural Biology Center, Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Light Source, Advanced Photon Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
09/26/2014 | Understanding Nitrogen Fixation in Bacteria | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
11/10/2014 | Self-Assembling Porous Protein Cage Designed for Potential Biotech Applications | Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences | Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Light Source | Molecular Structure |
08/25/2015 | Modular Construction on a Biomolecular Scale | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
06/10/2015 | Archaeal Enzyme Plays Key Role in Atmospheric Carbon Turnover | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
09/08/2015 | Manganese Reduction-Oxidation Drives Plant Debris Decomposition | Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Imaging Program, Structural Molecular Biology Resource | Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging, X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence Imaging | Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Chemical and Elemental Information |
12/07/2016 | Using Soft X-ray Ptychography to Investigate a Bacterium’s Inner Compass | X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy | Advanced Light Source | Chemical and Elemental Information | |
11/30/2016 | Crystal Structure of NOV1 Enzyme Reveals Mechanism of Action | Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Light Source | Molecular Structure |
11/15/2016 | Mapping the Migration of Genetic Material | National Center for X-Ray Tomography | Soft X-ray Tomography | Advanced Light Source | Cell and Tissue Structure |
09/30/2020 | Understanding an Essential Chaperone Complex | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source, National Synchrotron Light Source II, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
07/31/2020 | Targeting a Critical Molecular Switch in COVID-19 | Center for BioMolecular Structure | Solution X-ray Scattering | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Molecular Structure |
11/30/2020 | Fine Tuning Drugs to Fight Cancer | Center for BioMolecular Structure, Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source, National Synchrotron Light Source II | Molecular Structure |
01/12/2016 | Cellulose Synthesis Complex | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, Solution X-ray Scattering | Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
12/14/2016 | Hollow Pyramid Unlocks Principles of Protein Architecture | Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences | Solution X-ray Scattering | Advanced Light Source | Molecular Structure |
12/20/2016 | Detailing the Molecular Roots of Alzheimer’s Disease | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
08/15/2016 | How Your Body Transports Zinc to Protect Your Health | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
07/20/2017 | The CRISPR Target-Recognition Mechanism | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Light Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
05/03/2018 | Dynamic Regulation of Histone Chaperone Nucleoplasmin | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | Solution X-ray Scattering | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
06/23/2017 | Revealing How Bacterial Organelles Assemble | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
06/26/2017 | Molecular Basis of Alternative Tyrosine Biosynthesis in Plants | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
04/12/2017 | Green Alga Genome Provides Blueprint to Advance Clean Energy, Bioproducts | National Center for X-Ray Tomography | Soft X-ray Tomography | Advanced Light Source | Cell and Tissue Structure |
10/06/2016 | Description of Hydration Water in Green Fluorescent Protein Solution | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Small-Angle Neutron Scattering | Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
09/29/2017 | Precise Control of Neutron Contrast in Surfactant Micelles Provides Platform for Membrane Structure Studies | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Small-Angle Neutron Scattering | Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
12/22/2016 | Neutrons Identify Oxygen Activation in LPMO enzyme | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source, Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
05/23/2017 | Using Neutrons to Resolve Plasma Membrane Organization in Live Bacteria | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Small-Angle Neutron Scattering | Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
08/03/2017 | Chemical Strategy for Conversion of CO2 to Biomass | Structural Biology Center, Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
11/19/2020 | Enhancing Enzyme Catalysis Through Directed Evolution | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
08/14/2020 | Phenoxy Radical-Radical Coupling in Plants | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
06/22/2017 | Archaeal Abundance on Human Skin Changes with Age | Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Imaging Program | Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging | Advanced Light Source | Chemical and Elemental Information |
08/11/2017 | Hacking the Bacterial Social Network | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
06/16/2017 | Engineering Better Plant Cultivars for Iron Uptake by Modifying the Iron Deficiency Response in Arabidopsis thaliana | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Fluorescence Imaging | Advanced Photon Source, National Synchrotron Light Source II, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Chemical and Elemental Information |
05/09/2017 | Probing S-layer Protein Structural Dynamics with SAXS | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | Solution X-ray Scattering | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
09/08/2017 | The Origins of Photosynthesis in a Sun-Loving Bacteria | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Light Source, Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
08/14/2017 | X-ray Footprinting Solves Mystery of Metal-Breathing Protein | Center for BioMolecular Structure | X-ray Footprinting | Advanced Light Source | Molecular Structure |
12/05/2016 | Designing Cyclic Oligomers: Greater than the Sum of Their Parts | Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences | Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Light Source, Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
09/09/2017 | Measuring and Modeling Poplar Root Water Extraction After Drought Using Neutron Imaging | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Neutron Imaging | Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Cell and Tissue Structure |
06/30/2017 | Finding New Clues to a Common Respiratory Virus | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
11/02/2017 | Arsenic Accumulation in Benthic Periphytic Biofilms | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Fluorescence Imaging | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Chemical and Elemental Information |
10/01/2016 | Crystal Clear Imaging Infrared Brings to Light Nanoscale Molecular Arrangement | Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Imaging Program | Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging | Advanced Light Source | Chemical and Elemental Information |
07/10/2017 | Novel Orange Carotenoid Proteins Shed Light on Evolution of Cyanobacteria Photoprotection | Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Light Source | Molecular Structure |
01/11/2017 | Study Pinpoints Most Reactive Areas of Nanoscale Particles | Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Imaging Program | Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging | Advanced Light Source | Chemical and Elemental Information |
01/19/2017 | A Regional Model for Uranium Redox and Mobility | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Chemical and Elemental Information |
04/07/2017 | Direct Measurement of Protein Dynamics In Vivo | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Small-Angle Neutron Scattering | Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
04/18/2017 | Could This Enzyme Help Turn Biofuel Waste into Something Useful? | Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Light Source | Molecular Structure |
07/11/2017 | Brown Rot Fungi Reveal a New Approach for Biomass Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Small-Angle Neutron Scattering | Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
09/19/2019 | Dynamics on Cellulose Show Two Important Populations from Neutron Scattering and Simulations | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Small-Angle Neutron Scattering | Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
11/15/2017 | Cyanobacterial Studies Examine Cellular Structure During Nitrogen Starvation | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Small-Angle Neutron Scattering | Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
12/13/2017 | Binding of Alternative Substrates to Nitrogenase | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
01/17/2018 | "Zip Code" Mechanism for Hormone Signaling Revealed | Center for BioMolecular Structure | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | National Synchrotron Light Source II, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
01/18/2018 | Structure of a Flavoenzyme Assembly Intermediate | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
12/14/2017 | Using Plants to Immobilize and Stabilize Arsenic in the Soil | Center for BioMolecular Structure, Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence Imaging | National Synchrotron Light Source II, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Chemical and Elemental Information |
08/30/2018 | Directed Evolution Mimics Allosteric Activation of Enzymes | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
08/21/2018 | Potent Bacteria | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
11/15/2018 | Controlled Self-Assembly of a Designed Nucleoprotein | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | Solution X-ray Scattering | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
02/05/2019 | Peptide Induced Lateral Segregation of Lipids in a Biomembrane | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Small-Angle Neutron Scattering | Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
02/25/2019 | Breakthrough Shines Light on Disease-Fighting Protein | Stanford-SLAC Cryo-EM Center, Structural Biology Center | Cryo-Electron Microscopy, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
02/18/2019 | An Efficient and Economical Strategy for the Design of Functional Metalloproteins | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
02/22/2019 | DNA Gets a Bigger Alphabet | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
03/05/2019 | Understanding Cadmium Distribution in Hyperaccumulating Plants for Efficient Phytoremediation | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Fluorescence Imaging | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Chemical and Elemental Information |
04/05/2019 | Influence of Chemically Disrupted Photosynthesis on Cyanobacterial Thylakoid Dynamics | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Small-Angle Neutron Scattering | Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
04/12/2019 | What Enables the Fastest Carbon Dioxide Fixation by Reductive Carboxylase? | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
05/03/2019 | New Approach for Solving Protein Structures from Tiny Crystals | Center for BioMolecular Structure | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | National Synchrotron Light Source II | Molecular Structure |
07/10/2019 | Structuring Sweetness: What Makes Stevia 200 Times Sweeter than Sugar? | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
07/10/2019 | Structural Characterization of Chitinases from Agave tequilana | Structural Molecular Biology Resource | Solution X-ray Scattering | Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource | Molecular Structure |
11/19/2019 | How Essential Membrane Lipids Interact to Regulate Cellular Processes | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
11/29/2019 | Ammonia-Salt Solvent Promotes Cellulosic Biomass Deconstruction Under Ambient Processing Conditions | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Small-Angle Neutron Scattering | Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
12/09/2019 | Research at the Advanced Photon Source Leads to New Ebola Drug | Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography | Advanced Photon Source | Molecular Structure |
08/29/2020 | How Proteins Remodel DNA in Bacteria Under Stress | National Center for X-Ray Tomography, Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences | Solution X-ray Scattering, X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography, Soft X-ray Tomography | Advanced Light Source | Molecular Structure, Cell and Tissue Structure |
08/13/2020 | Cell Membrane Proteins Imaged in 3D | Center for BioMolecular Structure, Structural Biology Center | X-ray Macromolecular Crystallography, X-ray Fluorescence Imaging | Advanced Photon Source, National Synchrotron Light Source II | Chemical and Elemental Information |
07/21/2020 | Role of Solvents in Efficient Biomass Deconstruction | Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Small-Angle Neutron Scattering | Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure |
02/14/2020 | How Dinosaur Blood Vessels Preserve Through the Ages | Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Imaging Program | Synchrotron Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging | Advanced Light Source | Chemical and Elemental Information |
06/23/2020 | Novel Cell Membrane Model Could Be Key to Uncovering New Protein Properties | Center for BioMolecular Structure, Center for Structural Molecular Biology | Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, Solution X-ray Scattering | National Synchrotron Light Source II, Spallation Neutron Source/High Flux Isotope Reactor | Molecular Structure, Cell and Tissue Structure |
10/07/2020 | "Missing Link" in Evolutionary History of the Carbon-Fixing Protein Rubisco | Structurally Integrated Biology for the Life Sciences | Solution X-ray Scattering | Advanced Light Source | Molecular Structure |